Interpretation Report on Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC

This page provides a structured interpretation of the Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC, covering scope, core terminology, rated parameters, performance metrics, safety, EMC, environmental adaptability, test methods, and relevance to AIDC deployment scenarios.

Input Voltage Class AC 3.3kV-35kV

Typical Outputs 240V / 336V / 800V DC

Full-Load Efficiency ≥95%

Dynamic Recovery ≤100ms

1. Basic Information of the Standard

Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC is a group standard for power-supply systems in artificial intelligence data centers. It focuses on the technical requirements of solid-state transformers under medium-voltage input, DC output, high-efficiency, and fast dynamic-response scenarios.

1.1 Standard Overview

Item	Content
Standard Name	Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC
English Name	Technical requirements for solid-state transformers for AIDC
Standard Number	T/XXX XXXX-XXXX
Issuing Organization	China Industrial Environmental Protection Promotion Association (group standard)
Document Format	Drafted in accordance with GB/T 1.1-2020, Directives for standardization - Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents
Administrative Body	China Industrial Environmental Protection Promotion Association

1.2 Scope of Application

Application domain: Power-supply systems for data centers and telecommunication equipment rooms.
Technical architecture: Based on the input-series output-parallel (ISOP) architecture.
Input voltage class: AC 3.3kV to 35kV.
Output voltage class: DC 240V, 336V, 800V, and others.

Note: this standard does not apply to solid-state transformer products using other voltage classes or other architectures.

1.3 Normative References

Category	Referenced Standards
Environmental tests	GB/T 2423.1 to 2423.5, GB/T 2423.10, GB/T 2423.22
Safety requirements	GB 4943.1, GB/T 16935.1-2023
EMC	GB/T 9254.2-2021, GB/T 17626.2-2018, GB/T 17626.4, GB/T 17626.5
Power quality	GB/T 12325
Functional specification	GB/T 40097 (Functional specification and technical requirements for energy routers)

2. Core Terminology

The standard establishes a unified semantic basis for subsequent technical requirements and test methods by defining AIDC, solid-state transformers for AIDC, and other key performance terms.

2.1

AIDC

A public computing-power infrastructure integrating high-performance computing, big-data processing, artificial intelligence algorithms, and cloud-computing services.

Uses virtualization and containerization to enable pooled scheduling of computing resources.
Supports diverse demands ranging from model training to inference.
Improves efficiency through AI server clusters and liquid-cooling solutions.
IT equipment accounts for more than 85% of chain cost, while electricity cost dominates operations.

2.2

Solid-State Transformer for AIDC

A power-electronic device used in AIDC power-supply systems that replaces traditional power-frequency electromagnetic transformers with power-conversion technology.

Replaces conventional power-frequency transformers with power-electronic conversion technology.
Emphasizes high efficiency, high density, and high controllability.
Realizes efficient power conversion and electrical isolation.

2.3 Other Key Terms

Term	Definition
Voltage regulation	The relative change in output voltage caused by changes in input voltage while the load remains unchanged.
Load regulation	The relative change in output voltage caused by changes in load while the input voltage remains unchanged.
Output voltage noise	The peak-to-peak AC component superimposed on the DC output under rated conditions, including switching ripple and random noise.
Recovery time	The time required for output voltage to return to the specified tolerance band after a load step change.
High-frequency isolation transformer	A transformer operating above 1kHz and providing voltage conversion and electrical isolation inside a solid-state transformer.

3. Interpretation of Technical Requirements

The standard sets systematic constraints on operating conditions, rated parameters, performance, safety, EMC, and environmental adaptability, showing strong engineering relevance to AIDC scenarios.

3.1 Normal Operating Conditions

Usage Scenario	Temperature Range
Indoor use	0 C to 40 C
Industrial environment	-20 C to 60 C
Special environment	-40 C to 70 C (to be explicitly stated by the manufacturer)

Parameter	Requirement
Relative humidity	No more than 90% at an ambient temperature of 40 C, with no condensation
Altitude	No more than 2000m; derating is required above 2000m
Atmospheric pressure	86kPa to 106kPa

Interpretation: the standard takes into account deployment across diverse geographies, from standard computer rooms to harsh industrial environments, and the derating requirement for high-altitude regions reflects attention to real deployment conditions.

3.2 Rated Parameters

Item	Requirement
Rated input voltage	Three-phase AC, 10kV to 35kV; operating range -15% to +15%, non-derating range -10% to +10%
Rated output voltage	Typical DC outputs include 240V, 336V, 800V, and others
Rated output current	125, 250, 400, 630, 800, 1000, 1250, and 1500A
Rated frequency	50Hz or 60Hz, with an allowable deviation of plus or minus 5%

Note: when users have special requirements, other rated output current classes may be agreed with the manufacturer.

3.3

Performance Metrics

Efficiency, voltage regulation, load regulation, and dynamic response are the core performance indicators of this standard.

Load Ratio	Minimum Efficiency Requirement
100% rated load	≥95%
50% rated load	≥94%
20% rated load	≥93%

Voltage regulation: relative output-voltage variation must be within plus or minus 1%.
Load regulation: when the load changes from 0% to 100%, relative output-voltage variation must be within plus or minus 1%.
Ripple and output-voltage noise: no more than 1% of the rated output voltage.
Dynamic response: overshoot and undershoot no more than 5% of rated output voltage, with recovery time no more than 100ms.
No-load loss: no more than 0.5% of rated output power.

3.4

Safety Requirements

Safety design covers insulation, dielectric withstand, thermal protection, electric-shock protection, and creepage and clearance distances.

Insulation resistance: between input and output, input and enclosure, and output and enclosure, all must be at least 100Mohm.
Dielectric strength: relevant test points shall withstand the specified test voltage for 1 minute without breakdown or flashover.
Overtemperature protection: the typical threshold is 120 C to 150 C, after which the output is automatically cut off or derated.
Protection class: the enclosure shall be at least IP20.
Overcurrent protection: output is automatically shut down when output current exceeds 120% of the rated value.
Overvoltage protection: output is automatically shut down when output voltage exceeds 120% of the rated value.

3.5

EMC Requirements

The standard adopts Class A EMC requirements, reflecting adaptation to the sensitive electromagnetic environment of data centers.

Conducted disturbance: compliant with GB/T 9254.2-2021 Class A requirements in the frequency range of 150kHz to 30MHz.
Radiated disturbance: compliant with GB/T 9254.2-2021 Class A requirements in the frequency range of 30MHz to 1GHz, with a limit of no more than 40dBuV/m.
Electrostatic-discharge immunity: plus or minus 6kV contact discharge and plus or minus 8kV air discharge.
Electrical fast transient immunity: plus or minus 2kV on power ports and plus or minus 1kV on signal ports.
Surge immunity: line-to-line plus or minus 2kV and line-to-ground plus or minus 4kV.

3.6

Environmental Adaptability

The standard validates environmental adaptability through high and low temperature, thermal cycling, damp heat, vibration, and shock tests.

High-temperature test: 70 C for 24h, with normal startup and full-power operation required.
Low-temperature test: -20 C for 24h, with normal startup and full-power operation required.
Temperature cycling: -40 C to 70 C for at least 10 cycles.
Humidity test: 95%RH at 40 C for 48h.
Vibration test: 10Hz to 500Hz, 5g, 30min along each of the three axes.
Shock test: 15g, 11ms, three times along each of the three axes.

95% Minimum efficiency requirement at 100% rated load

±1% Target for voltage regulation and load regulation

120% Typical trip threshold for overcurrent and overvoltage protection

4. Test Methods

The standard provides clear test methods for appearance, ratings, efficiency, regulation, dynamic response, insulation, and EMC, ensuring consistency and practical operability of inspection results.

4.1 Test Method Overview

Test Category	Main Method	Test Equipment
Appearance	Visual inspection and tool-based inspection	-
Ratings	Operation test under rated voltage and load	Voltage source compliant with GB/T 12325
Efficiency	Power analysis method	Power analyzer with accuracy no less than Class 0.5
Voltage / load regulation	Formula calculation	Voltage measurement equipment
Ripple noise	Oscilloscope measurement	Oscilloscope with bandwidth no less than 20MHz
Dynamic response	Load step method	Electronic load and oscilloscope
Insulation resistance	Megohmmeter method	500V DC megohmmeter
Dielectric strength	Withstand-voltage tester method	Withstand-voltage tester
EMC	Test system specified by relevant standards	Conducted and radiated disturbance test systems

4.2.1 Efficiency Test

Condition: rated input voltage.
Load points: 20%, 50%, and 100% of rated load.
Equipment: power analyzer with accuracy no lower than Class 0.5.
Measurement: input power and output power are measured to calculate efficiency.

4.2.3 Dynamic Response Test

Condition: rated input voltage.
Method: use an electronic load to simulate a load step from 0% to 100% rated load.
Recording: use an oscilloscope to record output-voltage variation.
Measurement: overshoot, undershoot, and recovery time.

4.2.2 Regulation Calculation Formula

Voltage regulation:
Delta Uv = (Uomax - Uomin) / Uon x 100%

Load regulation:
Delta Ul = (Uono_load - Uofull_load) / Uon x 100%

5. Inspection Rules

The standard divides inspection of solid-state transformers into routine factory inspection and type inspection, and defines trigger conditions, sampling requirements, and acceptance rules.

5.1 Inspection Categories

Inspection Type	Definition	Trigger Condition
Factory inspection	Inspection that every product must pass before delivery	Every unit
Type inspection	Comprehensive inspection of technical performance	New product finalization, plant transfer, major changes, restart after shutdown, and similar cases

5.2 Factory Inspection

Inspection items include appearance inspection, rating verification, insulation-resistance test, dielectric-strength test, overtemperature protection verification, and electric-shock protection verification.
The product is accepted only when all items pass.
If any nonconformity is found, the product shall be repaired and retested; if it still fails after retest, it shall be judged nonconforming.

5.3 Type Inspection

Trigger conditions include new product finalization, transfer to another production site, major changes in structure, materials, or process, periodic production review once every year, restart after more than six months of suspension, and significant deviation between factory inspection and the previous type inspection.
Sampling requirement: randomly sample no fewer than three units from products that have passed factory inspection.
Acceptance rule: if any nonconformity is found, double sampling and reinspection are required; if the retest still fails, the type inspection is judged unqualified.

6. Relevance to AIDC Deployment Scenarios

The value of solid-state transformers in AIDC power systems lies not only in replacing conventional power-frequency transformers, but also in directly matching AI servers, liquid-cooling systems, and the evolution of DC power architectures.

6.1 Power-Architecture Positioning

Traditional architecture: AC 10-35kV -> power-frequency transformer -> AC 400V -> UPS/HVDC -> IT equipment
Solid-state transformer architecture: AC 10-35kV -> solid-state transformer -> DC 240V/336V/800V -> IT equipment

High-Voltage Input Matching Medium-Voltage Distribution

The 10kV to 35kV input range covers the commonly used 10kV medium-voltage distribution systems in data centers, while the plus or minus 15% operating range is also more adaptable to grid fluctuations.

Multiple Output Voltages for Diverse Loads

240V DC is suitable for traditional IT servers and storage equipment, 336V DC matches AI GPU servers, and 800V DC suits immersion liquid-cooling systems and high-voltage DC remote supply.

High Efficiency and Operating-Cost Optimization

Since electricity cost dominates AIDC operations, even a 1% improvement in solid-state-transformer efficiency can produce meaningful annual energy savings.

6.2 Output Voltage and Typical Application Scenarios

Output Voltage	Typical Application Scenario
240V DC	Traditional IT servers and storage equipment
336V DC	AI GPU servers using 336V architectures
800V DC	Immersion liquid-cooling systems and high-voltage DC remote supply

6.3 Environmental Adaptability and Deployment Environment

Environment Type	Applicable Temperature Range	Standard Requirement
Standard computer room	0 C to 40 C	Indoor-use requirement
Edge data center	-20 C to 60 C	Industrial-environment requirement
Extreme environment	-40 C to 70 C	Special-environment requirement, subject to manufacturer declaration

Scenario Judgment

The reference to GB/T 40097, the functional specification for energy routers, indicates that solid-state transformers in AIDC are not merely power-supply devices. They may also serve as core components of energy routers, carrying intelligent distribution and energy-management functions.

7. Highlights and Significance of the Standard

From filling a domestic standard gap to setting leading performance targets and supporting carbon-reduction goals through higher efficiency, this standard does more than regulate products; it guides the upgrading of AIDC power architectures.

Highlight 1

Filling a Domestic Standard Gap

This is the first technical standard specifically targeting solid-state transformers in AIDC scenarios, clearly defining the ISOP architecture and the multi-voltage outputs of 240V, 336V, and 800V.

Highlight 2

Industry-Leading Performance Targets

Requirements such as full-load efficiency of at least 95%, voltage regulation within plus or minus 1%, and ripple noise no more than 1% are stricter than general industry levels.

Highlight 3

Comprehensive Safety-Protection System

The standard covers insulation resistance, dielectric strength, overtemperature, overcurrent, overvoltage, electric-shock protection, creepage distance, and electrical clearance.

Highlight 4

Strict Environmental-Adaptability Requirements

From -40 C to 70 C, plus damp-heat, vibration, and shock testing, the standard covers the vast majority of deployment environments.

7.2 Significance of the Standard

Direction	Significance
Driving power-technology upgrades	Promotes the transition from conventional power-frequency transformers to solid-state transformers with high efficiency, fast response, adjustable voltage, and intelligent integrated functions.
Supporting carbon-reduction goals	Reduces power consumption and carbon emissions in data centers through higher efficiency.
Enabling AI industry growth	Provides more reliable power infrastructure for AI servers, liquid-cooling systems, and intelligent computing centers.
Standardizing industrial development	Unifies technical requirements, test methods, and inspection rules, improving comparability for product selection and procurement.

8. Summary and Recommendations

Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC is a focused and technically advanced group standard with broad coverage, offering strong reference value for both new intelligent-computing centers and retrofit projects of existing data-center power systems.

8.1 Summary of the Standard

Clearly defines the terminology and technical scope of solid-state transformers for AIDC.
Comprehensively covers appearance, ratings, performance, safety, EMC, and environmental-adaptability requirements.
Provides operable test methods and inspection rules.
References multiple national standards and shows good consistency with the broader standards framework.

8.2 Application Recommendations

Target Group	Recommendation
Data-center project owners	Give priority to solid-state-transformer solutions in power-system design and use this standard as a basis for technical specifications.
Equipment manufacturers	Design and certify products in accordance with the standard to improve competitiveness.
Operators	Include solid-state transformers in power-system selection and focus on efficiency and reliability.
Standard organizations	Continuously track technology development and update the standard when appropriate.

Preparation Note

This report is prepared based on the original text of Technical Requirements for Solid-State Transformers for AIDC (T/XXX XXXX-XXXX). Technical parameters are taken from the standard itself, while the interpretive analysis reflects understanding and analysis of the standard clauses.

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